Abstract This article examines the causes and impacts of early marriage in the East Java province, Indonesia. This study employed a mixed method approach to conduct the research. This study identifies that the causes of early marriage are not just economic, but also sociocultural. Girls who are married early not only are at risk of health problems but also are restricted in their education and work opportunities. In some cases, early marriage is also closely related to the possibility of intimate partner violence. This study highlight the need for close attention to early marriage in Indonesia, which affects many young women and underage girls.

Résumé Cet article analyse les causes et les impacts du mariage précoce dans la province de Java oriental, en Indonésie. Cette recherche, réalisée en suivant une approche mixte, montre que les causes des mariages précoces ne sont pas seulement économiques, mais aussi socioculturelles. En plus des problèmes de santé auxquels elles s’exposent, les filles qui se marient tôt sont limitées en matière d’éducation et d’opportunités de travail. Dans certains cas, le mariage est aussi intimement lié à la possibilité de violence par le mari. Cette étude souligne la nécessité d’accorder une attention spéciale au mariage précoce en Indonésie qui touche beaucoup de jeunes femmes et de filles mineures.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las causas y los impactos del matrimonio precoz en la provincia de Java Oriental, Indonesia. Este estudio utilizó un abordaje de método mixto para realizar la investigación. Este estudio muestra que las causas de los matrimonios precoces no son únicamente por razones económicas, sino también por razones socioculturales. Las niñas que se casan a temprana edad no sólo tienen su salud en riesgo, también están limitadas en la educación y en las oportunidades de trabajo. En algunos casos, el matrimonio precoz está íntimamente relacionado con la posibilidad de violencia por la pareja. Este estudio realza la necesidad de dar atención especial al matrimonio precoz en Indonesia que afecta a muchas mujeres jóvenes y menores de edad.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as causas e os impactos do casamento precoce na província de Java Oriental, Indonésia. Este estudo utilizou uma abordagem de método misto para realizar a investigação. Este estudo mostra que as causas dos casamentos precoces não são apenas económicas, mas também socioculturais. As raparigas que casam cedo não só estão em risco de problemas de saúde, como também estão limitadas na educação e nas oportunidades de trabalho. Em alguns casos, o casamento precoce está também intimamente relacionado com a possibilidade de violência pelo parceiro íntimo. Este estudo realça a necessidade de dar atenção especial ao casamento precoce na Indonésia, que afeta muitas mulheres jovens e raparigas menores de idade.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate productive performance during the growing period in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens fed on low- and high-nutrient diets containing different levels of dietary nano zinc phytogenic (NZP). The experiment followed a randomized 2 x 6 factorial design, with nutritional content of the diet (high vs low), and dietary NZP (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg Zn/kg) as factors. Each treatment was repeated six times. The feeding trial was carried out until ten weeks of age. Productive performance (feed consumption, FC; body weight gain, BWG; body weight, BW; mortality, feed conversion ratio, FCR; zinc consumption, ZnC; dressing percentage, carcass cut weight; visceral organ weight; and European production efficiency factor, EPEF) was measured. Up to the age of four weeks, dietary NZF dosage impacted BW, BWG, FC, and ZnC. NZP dosage had no effect on mortality. Combination of a high-nutrient diet with 90 mg Zn/kg NZP resulted in the best FCR and EPEF. Up to six weeks, dietary NZP dosage affected BW, BWG, and EPEF. Up to ten weeks of age, addition of NZP (from 30 mg Zn/kg) improved BW, FC, and EPEF. NZP at 30 mg Zn/kg resulted in the best FCR and EPEF. Dietary NZP increased production performance (BW, FC) and economic index (EPEF) in growing KUB chickens fed low- and high-nutrient diets. The recommended use is a high-nutrient diet and 90 mg Zn/kg of NZP.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Trehalose and Telang-Pea (Clitoris ternatea L.) which are used as fillers for Telang-Yellow milk powder. This study used a randomized block design, 3x3 factorial, and 2 replications. Trehalose concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) and t butterfly pea flower concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) were research factors. The results of this study included water content, antioxidant activity, viscosity, yield, solubility, dissolution time, hygroscopicity, color intensity, and preference for taste, color, aroma and after taste. The results showed that water content, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, solubility, yield, pH value, color, and hedonic assessment of taste, color, aroma, and aftertaste were affected by trehalose and eggplant concentrations. The best organoleptic results were obtained with t1b2 samples (0.5% trehalose and 15% Butterfly Pea). The best treatment was the t3b3 treatment with the results of the analysis of water content 2.86%, hygroscopicity 7.15%, amendment 20.00%, soluble time 29.13%, solubility 83.98%, pH 6.72, antioxidant activity 557.77 ppm, color intensity *L 48.01, *a 4.73 and *b 6.10.

Abstract Sweet potato is a local food ingredient that needs to be preserved and its benefits are because it contains a high source of starch with anthocyanins. The utilization of local ingredients is still rarely used due to limited knowledge of sweet potato processing techniques. The purpose of this study is to create innovations by developing purple sweet potato food cultivation as a natural dye in the formulation of yogurt products through hedonic testing. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) method with 4 treatments consisting of 4 levels, namely A = 0 mg, B = 5 mg, C = 10 mg dan D = 15 mg, repeated 3 times. The most preferred yogurt by the panelists was yogurt with 15 mg of purple sweet potato extract added, with a value of 3.78 for taste, 3.01 for flavor and 3.53 for color. With a protein content of 4.76 gr, fat 12.60 gr, 13.2 gr, anthocyanins 14.42 mg (in 100 mL), and antioxidant activity of 3851.13 ppm.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate how the concentration ratio of trehalose and Carrot Extract affected the features of carrot milk powder. The experiment utilized a random block design with repeated 3 x 3 factorials, followed by Duncan's test. Trehalose concentrations (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and Carrot Extract concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) comprised the experimental variables. This study's results include water content, total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility, dissolving time, color intensity, as well as hygroscopic and hedonic tests on color, flavor, and aroma. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of trehalose and Carrot Extract influenced the water content, yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility, dissolving time, color measurement, and hygroscopic and hedonic tests on color, flavor, and scent. The relationship between trehalose content and Carrot Extract had an effect on yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility level, solubility time, color intensity, and hygroscopic and hedonic tests. The t1w1 sample (trehalose 5% and Carrot Extract 10%) produced the best organoleptic findings.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the concentration of Moringa leaf extract and variations in drying temperature on the chemical characteristics of Moringa milk powder. The research design used a randomized block design with repeated 3x3 factorials, followed by Duncan’s test; The results showed that the concentration of Moringa extract and variation of drying temperature had a significantly different effect on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of Moringa milk powder. The best treatment was the treatment with the addition of 7% moringa extract at 70 °C.

Resumen Una investigación relevante y no reportada previamente respecto a la influencia del carbón activado (CA) apoya que la biomasa de Eucalyptus Lanceolata es un adsorbente. El reciente trabajo sintetizó una serie de estudios para conocer diversos parámetros experimentales de tiempo de equilibrio y temperatura del adsorbente para la eliminación del colorante. La caracterización de la estructura física determinó que el aumento del área superficial del carbón activado de 399 a 475 m2.g-1 revela que la biomasa cruda tenía una superficie más compacta que las del carbón activado. Se encontraron bandas FTIR en la región entre 3406.29 cm-1 y 3414.0 cm-1 indicando el estiramiento del grupo (-OH) que conduce al enlace de hidrógeno. Se estudió la adsorción de azul de metileno en carbón crudo y activado. La energía de activación media del carbón activado fue de 33,67 kJ.mol-1, ligeramente inferior a la del carbón bruto, que fue de 49,14 kJ.mol-1. Se aplicaron modelos de difusión intrapartícula, Elovich y Bhangam para evaluar estudios cinéticos a 20, 30 y 40 ºC. Los parámetros termodinámicos, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ y ΔE≠ se calcularon a partir de la cinética de adsorción. Los resultados indican que la adsorción es un proceso espontáneo. El valor negativo de la entropía determinó que las moléculas de ácido toman una posición orientada en la superficie del adsorbente. Los resultados muestran que todos los modelos se ajustaron mejor para la adsorción.

Abstract Investigation relevant to the influence of activated carbon (AC) supports biomass of Eucalyptus Lanceolata as an adsorbent was not reported previously. The recent work synthesized a series of studies to know various experimental parameters equilibration time and temperature of the adsorbent for the elimination of dye. Physical structure characterization measured that the surface area of activated carbon increased from 399 to 475 m2.g-1 revealed that the raw biomass had more compact surface than those of activated carbon. FTIR bands were found in the region between 3406.29 cm-1 and 3414.0 cm -1 indicates (-OH) stretching group which leads to hydrogen bonding. Adsorption of Methylene blue was studied on raw and activated carbon. The average activation energy of the activated carbon was 33.67 kJ.mol-1, slightly lower than those of raw carbon, which was 49.14 kJ.mol-1. Intraparticle diffusion, Elovich and Bhangam models were applied to evaluate kinetics studies at 20, 30 and 40 ºC. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔH ≠, ΔS≠ and ΔE≠ were calculated from the adsorption of kinetics. Results indicate that adsorption is a spontaneous process. The negative value of entropy determined that the acid molecules take an oriented position on the surface of the adsorbent. The results show that all the models were best fitted for adsorption.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue validar y evaluar la estructura factorial del instrumento de Medición de Actitudes hacia el Medio Ambiente mediante el análisis factorial y el modelo de Rasch politómico multidimensional. Participaron 595 estudiantes universitarios indonesios (293 hombres y 302 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 18-24 (edad media = 21,01, SD = 1,65). Los 22 ítems de la Medida de Actitudes Ambientales se administraron mediante encuestas en línea. Este estudio genera una estructura factorial tridimensional de actitudes ambientales en las muestras universitarias de Indonesia y respalda la base teórica de la escala original. Los resultados del análisis multidimensional del modelo politómico de Rasch muestran que las características psicométricas de este instrumento son excelentes y tienen una alta confiabilidad de separación, tanto por ítems como por persona. Los hallazgos de este estudio se pueden utilizar en investigaciones futuras para examinar la interrelación de las actitudes ambientales con otras variables en la muestra de Indonesia. También se discuten las limitaciones de este estudio.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate and evaluate the factor structure of the instrument for measuring attitudes towards the environment using factor analysis and multidimensional polytomous Rasch model. Participants in this study were 595 Indonesian university students (293 male and 302 female) with an age range of 18-24 (mean age = 21.01, SD = 1.65). The 22-items of Environmental Attitudes Measure were administered using online survey systems. This study generates a three-dimensional factor structure of environmental attitudes in the Indonesian college samples and supports the original scale’s theoretical basis. The results of the multidimensional analysis of the polytomous Rasch model show that the psychometric characteristics of this instrument are excellent and have high separation reliability, both for items and person. The findings of this study can be used in future research to examine the interrelationship of environmental attitudes with other variables in the Indonesian sample. Limitations of this study are also discussed.

New Fe3O4/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (C6H7O6Na)n nanohybrid ferrogels for antibacterial applications were fabricated. The crystal and molecular structures along with optical and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were characterized. The antibacterial activity of the ferrogels against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was investigated using the agar dilution method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the Fe3O4/PVA comprised a PVA amorphous phase and a spinel-structured Fe3O4 crystalline phase. The Fe3O4/PVA crystallite size was 7.5–9.9 nm and the scanning electron micrographs showed that the Fe3O4/PVA agglomerated. The ferrogels were superparamagnetic with saturation magnetizations from 14.8 × 10−3 to 82.1 × 10−3 emu/g. The absorption of the ferrogels showed a bathochromic effect, accompanied by an increase in the bandgap from 2.09 to 2.18 eV with increasing Fe3O4 content in the ferrogels. The ferrogels demonstrated new potency as antibacterial agents against B. subtilis and E. coli, where their antibacterial performance increased with increasing Fe3O4 content.

Abstract This study performs natural sand-based synthesis using the sonochemical route for preparing Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were dispersed in water as a carrier liquid to form Zn-doped magnetite aqueous ferrofluids. Structural data analysis indicated that the Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles formed a nanosized spinel structure. With an increase in the Zn content, the lattice parameters of the Zn-doped magnetite nanoparticles tended to increase because Zn2+ has a larger ionic radius than those of Fe3+ and Fe2+. The existence of Zn–O and Fe–O functional groups in tetrahedral and octahedral sites were observed in the wavenumber range of 400–700 cm–1. The primary particles of the Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids tended to construct chain-like structures with fractal dimensions of 1.2–1.9. The gas-like compression (GMC) plays as a better model than the Langevin theory to fit the saturation magnetization of the ferrofluids. The ferrofluids exhibited a superparamagnetic character, with their magnetization was contributed by aggregation. The Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria. It is suggested that the presence of the negatively charged surface and the nanoparticle size may contribute to the high antibacterial activity of Zn-doped magnetite ferrofluids and making them potentially suitable for advanced biomedical.

Abstract The bacterial species employ various types of molecular communication systems recognized as quorum sensing for the synchronization of differential gene expression to regulate virulence traits and biofilm formation. A variety of quorum sensing inhibitors; molecules that interfere with quorum sensing among bacteria have been examined which can block the action of autoinducers. Moreover, the studies have scrutinized various enzymes for their quorum quenching activity resulting in the degradation of signaling molecules or blocking of gene expression. So far, the studies have found that these approaches are not only capable to reduce the pathogenicity and biofilm formation but also resulted in increased bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and bacteriophages. The effectiveness of these strategies has been validated in different animal models and it seems that these practices will be transformed in near future to develop the medical devices including catheters, implants, and dressings for the prevention of bacterial infections. Although many of these approaches are still in the research stage, the increasing library of quorum quenching molecules and enzymes will open innovative perspectives for the development of antibacterial approaches which will extend the therapeutic arsenal against the pathogenic bacterial species.

Abstract Objective: To describe the Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Indonesian preschool children based on biopsychosocial risk factors. Material and Methods: This research is an analytic observational with a cross sectional design toward 506 preschool children aged 2-6 years at East Luwu Regency, Indonesia. The biopsychosocial data studied were gender, ethnicity, personal hygiene, child psychology, age, nutritional status, and dental and oral health behavior. These data were obtained through a questionnaire and clinical examination (nutritional status). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The statistical tests were performed at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Characteristics of respondents based on parents' origin, found that the majority of respondents were parents from Bugis tribes (68.4%) with ECC frequency of 72.2%. Regarding the visit to the dentist, 12.6% were afraid of the dentist, with ECC frequency of 71.9%. Most children had normal nutritional status (67%) with ECC frequency of 69.3%. Biopsychosocial factors, which significantly affect the Early Childhood Caries, were parents’ tribe (p=0.022) and age (p=0.011). There was an association between ECC with brushing teeth before going to bed (p=0.049), use of mouthwash (p=0.002) and consumption of snacks (p<0.001). Conclusion: Biopsychosocial factor indicators are affect the Early Childhood Caries towards Indonesian preschool children.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Pakistani children is currently unknown. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia in children exhibiting diarrhea. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at different district healthcare hospitals in Pakistan. METHODS: A total of 800 samples were collected from children aged 0-10 years. Information regarding personal data, demographic data and supposed risk factors was collected through a structured questionnaire. Giardia lamblia was detected through direct microscopy and antigens through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The prevalence of Giardia lamblia was 2.75% through direct microscopy and inflated to 9.5% through ELISA. The demographic factors positively associated with occurrences of giardiasis were age (P = 0.035; odds ratio, OR = 1.96; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.094-3.533), mother’s educational level (P = 0.031; OR = 2.67; 95% CI = 1.186-6.045) and father’s educational level (P = 0.004; OR = 3.56; 95% CI = 1.612-7.899). Similarly, among the supposed risk factors, rural residency (P = 0.032; OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.098- 2.851), absence of proper sewerage system (P = 0.000; OR = 6.60; 95% CI = 4.029-10.841) and unavailability of safe drinking water (P = 0.000; OR = 4.08; 95% CI = 2.207-7.547) were the factors strongly connected with giardiasis. Abdominal discomfort was a prominent clinical sign with 46% frequency. CONCLUSION: Various risk factors were associated with occurrences of Giardia, thus emphasizing the importance of parents’ education, safe drinking water and proper sewerage systems for Pakistani children’s health.

To design custom-made prosthesis in a certain population, the morphometry needs to be measured. The results of this study were expected to provide basic data to design the ideal size of the total hip arthoplasty prosthesis for Indonesian population. This was an anthropometric study conducted on sex matched 100 healthy Indonesian mongoloid race subjects based on Computer Tomographic (CT) imaging on the proximal femur. The parameters being used in this study were Femoral Head Offset (FHO), Femoral Head Position (FHP), Femoral Head Diameter (FHD), Neck-Shaft Angle (NSA), Anteroposterior Width (APW) and Mediolateral Width at 3 different locations, and Canal Flare Index (CFI). This study showed that Indonesian has smaller proximal femur morphometry as compared to Western population. The mean value of all parameters in male were larger than female. Moreover, FHO and FHP showed significant difference among male and female indicating the location of male femoral head center lies superiorly as compared to female. The dimension of femoral canal was found to be mediolaterally oval, 1.43, 1.28, and 1,34, respectively, in 3 different cutting (20 mm above and 40 mm below lesser trochanter, and isthmus). CFI of Indonesian was classified to be stovepipe femoral canal (2.99) that is the suggestion to use cemented femoral stem. This study showed that Indonesian proximal femur dimension has smaller build compared with Western counterpart. The proposed dimensions can be used as the basic data to design the ideal size of the femoral stem for Indonesian population.

Para diseñar prótesis a medida en una población determinada, la morfometría necesita ser conocida. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener resultados que sean útiles en la investigación para diseñar el tamaño ideal de una prótesis total de artroplastía de cadera para la población de Indonesia. Fue realizado un estudio antropométrico en 100 sujetos sanos de raza mongoloide de Indonesia, en los que se estudió la parte proximal del fémur por tomografía computadorizada (TC). Se consideraron como parámetros la cabeza del fémur (CF), posición de la cabeza del fémur (PCF), diámetro de la cabeza del fémur (DCF), ángulo cérvicodiafisario (ACD), ancho anteroposterior (AAP) y ancho-lateral en 3 lugares diferentes. La población Indonesia tiene una morfometría menor del fémur proximal en comparación con la población occidental. El valor medio de todos los parámetros en hombres fueron mayores a las mujeres. Por otra parte, CF y PCF mostraron diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres e indicó una ubicación superior del centro de la cabeza del fémur en hombres, en comparación con las mujeres. Se encontró que la dimensión del canal femoral fue mediolateral oval, 1,43, 1,28, y 1,34, en 3 cortes diferentes, respectivamente (20 mm superior y 40 mm inferior del trocánter menor e istmo). La dimensión del fémur proximal en la población de Indonesia es de menor tamaño en comparación con la contraparte occidental. Las dimensiones propuestas se pueden utilizar como datos básicos para el diseño de un tamaño ideal de vástago femoral para la población Indonesia.

Abstract: Introduction: The drug resistant Acinetobacter strains are important causes of nosocomial infections that are difficult to control and treat. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter strains isolated from different clinical specimens obtained from patients belonging to different age groups. METHODS: In total, 716 non-duplicate Acinetobacter isolates were collected from the infected patients admitted to tertiary-care hospitals at Lahore, Pakistan, over a period of 28 months. The Acinetobacter isolates were identified using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS: The isolation rate of Acinetobacter was high from the respiratory specimens, followed by wound samples. Antibiotic susceptibility analyses of the isolates revealed that the resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime was the most common, in 710 (99.2%) specimens each, followed by the resistance to gentamicin in 670 (93.6%) isolates, and to imipenem in 651 (90.9%) isolates. However, almost all isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, colistin, and polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed the alarming trends of resistance of Acinetobacter strains isolated from clinical specimens to the various classes of antimicrobials. The improvement of microbiological techniques for earlier and more accurate identification of bacteria is necessary for the selection of appropriate treatments.